tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38205523958197940192024-03-19T04:14:28.921-07:00Computer for Competition ExamsgoCareerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02617606234342192538noreply@blogger.comBlogger16125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3820552395819794019.post-11457374228278746512017-09-23T20:29:00.003-07:002017-09-23T20:29:57.405-07:00General Computer Notes For Bank Exams<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Download Computer Exam Material for IBPS, SBI PO/Clerk Exam For Free In PDF</span></b><br />
As we know IBPS PO 2017 pre-exam is going on and after this IBPS PO mains exam was taken so we are sharing computer notes (material) so you can download this material from below-given link.<br />
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<b><br /></b>
<b>Topics Covered In This Book:</b><br />
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Introduction of Computer</li>
<li>Computer Architecture</li>
<li>Input & Output Device</li>
<li>Computer Memory</li>
<li>Data Representation</li>
<li>Computer Software</li>
<li>Operating System</li>
<li>Microsoft Windows</li>
<li>Microsoft Office</li>
<li>Data Communication And Networking</li>
<li>Internet and Its Services</li>
<li>Computer Security</li>
</ol>
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goCareerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02617606234342192538noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3820552395819794019.post-53505253621084437242017-07-21T00:36:00.002-07:002017-07-23T00:45:18.497-07:00Pointer in C<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Pointer is an extremely powerful programming tool. </span><span style="background-color: white;">A pointer is a variable which used to store the address of another variable of same data type. It means that if we want to store the address of integer type then pointer type must be of integer and so on.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">In C language, we have a special type of pointer named void (*), which contains the address of any type of variable. This pointer is also known as <i>Generic Pointer.</i></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Syntax :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Data_type *Variable_name ;</span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> int *p ;</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Astrik (*) sign denotes that p is pointer variable not a normal variable.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Key Points :</b></span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pointer contains the the address of another variable.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">* sign denotes the pointer variable. It shows the value of the variables that address stored for a pointer variable.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">To access address of a variable to a pointer, we use the unary operator <strong style="background-color: white; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">& </strong><span style="background-color: white;">(ampersand) that returns the address of that variable.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pointer contains 2 bytes of memory for 16 bit processor.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">If a pointer is assigned to NULL, it means it is pointing to nothing.</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Example :</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">#include <stdio.h></span></div>
<br />
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">int main()</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">{</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"> int x;</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"> </span><span style="color: #f1c232;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">// Prints address of x</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"> printf("%p", &x);</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"> return 0;</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">}</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Output :</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">0x7ffe6ee753ee</span></div>
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Example 2:</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;">#include <stdio.h></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;">int main()</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;">{</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: #f1c232;">// A normal integer variable</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>int Var = 10;</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: #f1c232;">// A pointer variable that holds address of var.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>int *ptr = &Var;</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: #f1c232;">// This line prints value at address stored in ptr.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>// Value stored is value of variable "var"</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("Value of Var = %d\n", *ptr);</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: #f1c232;">// The output of this line may be different in different</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>// runs even on same machine.</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("Address of Var = %p\n", ptr);</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: #f1c232;">// We can also use ptr as lvalue (Left hand</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>// side of assignment)</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>*ptr = 20; // Value at address is now 20</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("After doing *ptr = 20, *ptr is %d\n", *ptr);</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>return 0;</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;">}</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Output :</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;">Value of Var = 10</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;">Address of Var = 0x7ffc23954c74</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #666666;">After doing *ptr = 20, *ptr is 20</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Array of Pointer :</b></span></h2>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">There may be a situation when we want to maintain an array, which can store pointers to an int or char or any other data type available. Following is the declaration of an array of pointers to an integer −</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">int *ptr[con];</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
<div style="font-weight: bold;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold;">
Example :</div>
<div style="font-weight: bold;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold;">
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">#include <stdio.h></span></span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">int main()</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">{</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;"> </span><span style="color: #f1c232;">// Declare an array</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;"> int v[3] = {10, 100, 200};</span></span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;"> </span><span style="color: #f1c232;"> // Declare pointer variable</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;"> int *ptr;</span></span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;"> </span><span style="color: #f1c232;">// Assign the address of v[0] to ptr</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;"> ptr = v;</span></span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;"> for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;"> {</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;"> printf("Value of *ptr = %d\n", *ptr);</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;"> printf("Value of ptr = %p\n\n", ptr);</span></span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;"> // Increment pointer ptr by 1</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;"> ptr++;</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;"> }</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">}</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white;">Output :</span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold;">
<span style="color: white;"></span><br />
<div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #666666;">Value of *ptr = 10</span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;">
</span>
<br />
<div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #666666;">Value of ptr = 0x7ffcae30c710</span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;">
</span>
<div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;">
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;">Value of *ptr = 100</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;">Value of ptr = 0x7ffcae30c714</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;">Value of *ptr = 200</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;">Value of ptr = 0x7ffcae30c718</span></div>
</span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3820552395819794019.post-2815897442777125132017-07-20T23:47:00.000-07:002017-07-22T05:36:40.374-07:00String in C<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;">A string is an array</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;"> of characters. </span></span><span style="text-align: left;">The end of the string is marked with a special character, the</span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><dfn style="text-align: left;">null character</dfn><span style="text-align: left;">, which is simply represented by <b>'\0'</b>.</span><span style="background-color: white;"> Strings are enclosed by double quotes whereas, character is enclosed by single quotes always.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left;"><b>Declaration</b></span><b> :</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Strings are array of char data type. It is declared as follow :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> char s[5] ;</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://cdn.programiz.com/sites/tutorial2program/files/Declaration-of-strings-in-C.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="Declaration of strings in C language" border="0" class="figure" src="https://cdn.programiz.com/sites/tutorial2program/files/Declaration-of-strings-in-C.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #252830; height: 45px; margin-top: 1.2em; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; width: 182px; word-spacing: 3px;" title="String declaration" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Initialization :</b> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> char message [20] = "Hello world !";</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">char message [20] =</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> {'</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">H', 'e', 'l', </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">'l',</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> 'o', '\0'};</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">char message [] = "Hello!"</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">when we declare "char message[20]”, 20 bytes of memory space is allocated for the string value. And w</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">hen we declare "char message[]”, memory space will be allocated as per the requirement during execution time of program.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Example1 :</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: white;">#include<stdio.h></span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: white;">int main()</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: white;">{</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">char message[10] = "Hello!";</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">char message1[] = " world" ;</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">printf("%s, %s, message, message1);</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">return 0;</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><b>}</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;">Output :</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><b>Hello! world</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Example2:</b></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><b style="background-color: white;"><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><b>#include<stdio.h></b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><b>int main()</b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><b>{</b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">char value[];</span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">printf("Enter any string : ");</span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">scanf("%s",&value);</span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">printf("Entered String = %s ", value);</span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">return 0;</span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><b>}</b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Output :</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Enter any string :</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>GoProgramming</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Entered String = GoProgramming</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">scanf() function doesn't control the value with space. For this we use <b>gets()</b> instead of scanf().</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><i>gets(variable);</i></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Example3:</b></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><b style="background-color: white;"><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><b>#include<stdio.h></b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><b>int main()</b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><b>{</b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">char value[];</span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">printf("Enter any string : ");</span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">gets(value);</span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">printf("Entered String = %s ", value);</span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">return 0;</span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><b>}</b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Output :</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Enter any string :</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Go Programming</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Entered String = Go Programming</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<br />
<h2>
String Handling Functions :</h2>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Sometimes, we need to manipulate string in our program according to our needs. For this C programming language provide us some in-built String Manipulation Functions which are available in<b> <string.h></b> header file.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">These functions are listed below :</span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<h2>
</h2>
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<ul>
<li>strlen() :</li>
</ul>
</h3>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">strlen() function is used to count the number of characters in a string.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Example :</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">#include<stdio.h></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">#include<string.h></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">int main()</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">{</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> char value[] = "Hello World";</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> int length;</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> length = strlen(value);</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> printf("String length = %d", length);</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> return 0;</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">}</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Output :</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;">String length = 11</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></span></div>
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">strrev()</span></span></li>
</ul>
</h3>
<div>
<h2>
<div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">It reverses the given string.</span></span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Example :</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">#include<stdio.h></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">#include<string.h></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">int main()</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">{</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> char value[] = "Hello";</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> char value1[];</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> length = strrev(value);</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> printf("String = %s", value);</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> printf("Reversed String = %s, value1);</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> return 0;</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">}</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></span>Output :</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #666666; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white;">String = Hello World</span></span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">Reversed String = olleH</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><br /></span></span></span></h2>
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<ul>
<li>strcpy()</li>
</ul>
</h3>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">This function copies a string value into another string.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span><b>Example :</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /><b><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">#include<stdio.h><br />#include<string.h><br />int main()<br />{</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><br /> char value[] = "Hello";<br /> char value1[] = "World";<br /> char value2[];</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><br /> strcpy(value2, value);<br /> strcpy(value2, value1);</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"> printf("String 1 = %s", value);</span><br /><span style="background-color: #666666;"> printf("String 2 = %s", value1);</span><br /><span style="background-color: #666666;"> printf("New String = %s", value2);</span><br /><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><br /><span style="background-color: #666666;"> return 0;</span></span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">}</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: white;"><b><br /></b></span><b>Output :</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><b>String 1 = Hello<br />String 2 = World<br />New String = HelloWorld</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: white;">strcmp() :</b></span></span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">strcmp() function is used to compare two strings. If both strings are equal then function will return value zero(0). If first string is greater than second than function return value >0 otherwise <0. This function is case sensitive.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Example :</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;">#include <stdio.h></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;">#include <string.h></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;">int main()</span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;">{</span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">char str1[] = "abcd", </span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">str2[] = "abCd", </span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white;"> </span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;"> int result;</span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="color: #f1c232;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">// comparing strings str1 and str2</span></span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">result = strcmp(str1, str2);</span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold;">
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">if(result < 0)</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">{</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">printf("str1 is less than str2");</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">}</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">else if(result > 0) </span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">{</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">printf("str2 is less than str1");</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">}</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">else </span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">{</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">printf("str1 is equal to str2");</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">}</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">return 0;</span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;">}</span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white;">Output :</span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;">str2 is less than str1</span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold;">
<ul>
<li><b><div style="display: inline !important;">
<h3>
<span style="background-color: white;">strcat()</span></h3>
</div>
</b></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;">This function is used to concatenate two or more strings.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><b>Syntax :</b></span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<i> strcat(str1, str2);</i></div>
<div>
<i> strcat(str1, strcat(str2,str3));</i></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></div>
</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3820552395819794019.post-87030648418081575772017-07-19T04:48:00.001-07:002017-07-23T00:20:34.386-07:00Array in C<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">In C language, arrays are referred to as structured data types. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;">An array is a collection of data that holds fixed number of values of same data type.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Arrays store a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same type. In other words, if we want to group similar type of value in conjunctive memory location then we use Array.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Points :</b></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Array might be belonging to any of the data types</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Array size must be a constant value.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Always, adjacent memory locations are used to store array elements in memory.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Array should be initialized with zero or null while declaring, if we don’t assign any values to array.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The size and type of arrays cannot be changed after its declaration.</span></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Arrays are of <b>two</b> types:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">One-dimensional arrays</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Multidimensional arrays</span></li>
</ol>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">One-dimensional Arrays :</span></h2>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><strong style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline;"> </strong><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Group of values in adjacent memory location in x or y direction is 1-D array.</span></span></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Declaration of One-dimensional array :</span></h3>
<div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
data_type array_name[array_size];</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>For example :</b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
float val[10];</div>
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<div class="center" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center !important;">
<img alt="array declaraction in c" src="http://www.studytonight.com/c/images/array-declaraction-in-c.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" /></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; font-size: 16px; word-spacing: 3px;">Here, we declared an array,<b> val </b></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; font-size: 16px; word-spacing: 3px;">of floating-point type and size 10. Meaning, it can hold 10 floating-point values.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; font-size: 16px; word-spacing: 3px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; font-size: 1.4em; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.25em; text-align: left;">
Key notes:</div>
<ul style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.8em; text-align: start; word-spacing: 3px;">
<li>Arrays have 0 as the first index. In this example, val[0]</li>
<li>If the size of an array is n, then last element will be (n-1). In this example, val[9]</li>
<li>Suppose the starting address of val[0] is 2124d. Then, the next address, val[1], will be 2128d, address of val[2] will be 2132d and so on. Because size of float data type is 4 bytes.</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<h3 id="ipt_kb_toc_603_1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: #333333; line-height: 1.1; margin: 20px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Initialization of 1-D Array :</span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
After an array is declared, it’s elements must be initialized. In C programming an array can be initialized at either of the following stages:</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 10px 3em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">At compile time</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">At run time</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-spacing: 3px;"><br /></span></div>
<h4>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Compile time initialization :</span></b></span></h4>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: start;">Compile time initialization of array elements is same as normal variable initialization. The general form of initialization of array is :</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: start;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: start;"></span><br />
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="text-align: start;"><i>type array-name[size] = { list of values };</i></span></div>
<span style="text-align: start;">
</span>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="text-align: start;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="text-align: start;">
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
The values in the list are separated by commas. For ex, the statement</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<i>int number[3] = { 0,5,4 };</i></div>
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<i><br /></i></div>
<div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
will declare the variable’ number’ as an array of size 3 and will assign the values to each element. If the number of values in the list is less than the number of elements, then only that many elements will be initialized. The remaining elements will be set to zero automatically.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Remember, if we have more initializers than the declared size, the compiler will produce an error.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Example :</b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">#include <stdio.h></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">int main () {</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">int n[ 10 ] ;</span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: white;"> </span><span style="color: #f1c232;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: #f1c232;">/* n is an array of 10 integers */</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"> int i, j ;</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: #f1c232;">/* initialize elements of array n to 0 */</span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">for ( i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) {</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">n[ i ] = i + 100; </span><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: #f1c232;">/* set element at location i to i + 100 */</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">}</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: #f1c232;">/* output each array element's value */</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">for (j = 0; j < 10; j++ ) {</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">printf("Element[%d] = %d\n", j, n[j] );</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">}</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">return 0;</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">}</span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><b>Output :</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">Element[0] = 100</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">Element[1] = 101</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">Element[2] = 102</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">Element[3] = 103</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">Element[4] = 104</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">Element[5] = 105</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">Element[6] = 106</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">Element[7] = 107</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">Element[8] = 108</span></b></div>
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</div>
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<b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">Element[9] = 109</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Run time initialization :</span></span></h4>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: start; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">An array can also be initialized at runtime using scanf() function. This approach is usually used for initializing large array, or to initialize array with user specified values. </span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: start; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: start; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Example :</b></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: start; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: start;"></span><br />
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: #666666; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: white;">#include<stdio.h></span></span></span></div>
<span style="text-align: start;">
</span>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: #666666; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: white;">int main()</span></span></span></div>
<span style="text-align: start;">
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: white;">{</span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">int array[5],i;</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">printf("Enter 5 numbers to store them in array : \n");</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">for(i=0;i<5;i++)</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">{</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">scanf("%d",&array[i]);</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">}</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">printf("Element in the array are : \n \n");</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">for(i=0;i<5;i++)</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">{</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">printf("Element stored at a[%d] : %d \n",i,array[i]);</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">}</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">return 0;</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: white;">}</span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="background-color: white; word-spacing: 3px;"><b>Output :</b></span></div>
<div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">Enter 5 elements in the array : 23 45 32 25 45</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">Elements in the array are :</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">Element stored at a[0] : 23</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">Element stored at a[0] : 45</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">Element stored at a[0] : 32</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">Element stored at a[0] : 25</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">Element stored at a[0] : 45</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: left; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: white;">Multi dimension Array :</span></h2>
<div style="word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In C, we can define multidimensional arrays in simple words as array of arrays. Data in multidimensional arrays are stored in tabular form.</span></span></div>
<div style="word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span></span><br />
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>General form of declaring N-dimensional arrays:</b></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
<div>
<i>data_type array_name[size1][size2]....[sizeN];</i></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
where,</div>
<div>
<b>data_type</b>: Type of data to be stored in the array. </div>
<div>
Here data_type is valid C/C++ data type</div>
<div>
<b>array_name</b>: Name of the array</div>
<div>
<b>size1, size2,... ,sizeN</b>: Sizes of the dimensions</div>
</span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
<h3 style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: left;">
Two dimensional Array :</h3>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , "tahoma" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">The simplest form of multidimensional array is the two-dimensional array. A two-dimensional array is, in essence, a list of one-dimensional arrays.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , "tahoma" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , "tahoma" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;"><b>Declaration :</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , "tahoma" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , "tahoma" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span><br />
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , "tahoma" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> type array-name[row-size][column-size] </span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , "tahoma" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , "tahoma" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , "tahoma" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
<div>
int a[3][4];</div>
<div>
<div class="center" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center !important;">
<img alt="two dimensional array in c" src="http://www.studytonight.com/c/images/two-dimensional-array.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" /></div>
</div>
</span></span></div>
<div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b>Initialization</b></span></span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;"> :</b></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;"><br /></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"></span></span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;">int a[3][4] = { </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;">
</span></span>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"> {0, 1, 2, 3} , /* initializers for row indexed by 0 */</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;">
<div>
{4, 5, 6, 7} , /* initializers for row indexed by 1 */</div>
<div>
{8, 9, 10, 11} /* initializers for row indexed by 2 */</div>
<div>
};</div>
</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;">int a[3][4] = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11};</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;">
<b>Example :</b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">#include <stdio.h></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">int main () {</span></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="color: #f1c232;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">/* an array with 5 rows and 2 columns*/</span></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">int a[5][2] = { {0,0}, {1,2}, {2,4}, {3,6},{4,8}};</span></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">int i, j;</span></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
</div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="color: #f1c232;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">/* output each array element's value */</span></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #f1c232;"> </span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">for ( i = 0; i < 5; i++ ) {</span></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">for ( j = 0; j < 2; j++ ) {</span></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">printf("a[%d][%d] = %d\n", i,j, a[i][j] );</span></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">}</span></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">}</span></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">return 0;</span></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">}</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
Output :</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">a[0][0]: 0</span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">a[0][1]: 0</span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">a[1][0]: 1</span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">a[1][1]: 2</span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">a[2][0]: 2</span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">a[2][1]: 4</span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">a[3][0]: 3</span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">a[3][1]: 6</span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">a[4][0]: 4</span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">a[4][1]: 8</span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<h3 style="word-spacing: 0px;">
Three dimensional Array :</h3>
</div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"> Three-Dimensional array is same as that of Two-dimensional arrays. The difference is as the number of dimension increases so the number of nested braces will also increase.</span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: justify;"></span><br />
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="text-align: justify;"><b>Initialization of a three dimensional array :</b></span></div>
<span style="text-align: justify;">
</span>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<span style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="background-color: white;">
You can initialize a three dimensional array in a similar way like a two dimensional array. Here's an example,</div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<i>int test[2][3][4] = { </i></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<i> { {3, 4, 2, 3}, {0, -3, 9, 11}, {23, 12, 23, 2} },</i></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<i> { {13, 4, 56, 3}, {5, 9, 3, 5}, {3, 1, 4, 9} }</i></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<i> };</i></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<b>Example :</b></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div>
<b></b><br />
<div>
<b><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">#include<iostream></span></b></div>
<b>
</b>
<div>
<b><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">using namespace std;</span></b></div>
<b>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">int main()</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">{</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">// initializing the 3-dimensional array</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">int x[2][3][2] =</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">{</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">{ {0,1}, {2,3}, {4,5} },</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">{ {6,7}, {8,9}, {10,11} }</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">};</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">// output each element's value</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i)</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">{</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j)</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">{</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">for (int k = 0; k < 2; ++k)</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"> {</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">cout << "Element at x[" << i << "][" << j</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><< "][" << k << "] = " << x[i][j][k]</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><< endl;</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">}</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: white;"> </span><span style="color: white;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"> }</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">}</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">return 0;</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">}</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
Output:</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">Element at x[0][0][0] = 0</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">Element at x[0][0][1] = 1</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">Element at x[0][1][0] = 2</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">Element at x[0][1][1] = 3</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">Element at x[0][2][0] = 4</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">Element at x[0][2][1] = 5</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">Element at x[1][0][0] = 6</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">Element at x[1][0][1] = 7</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">Element at x[1][1][0] = 8</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">Element at x[1][1][1] = 9</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">Element at x[1][2][0] = 10</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;">Element at x[1][2][1] = 11</span></span></div>
</b></div>
</span></div>
</span></div>
</div>
</span></div>
</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , "tahoma" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;"></span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3820552395819794019.post-9864130886519648562017-07-19T02:09:00.001-07:002017-07-22T05:34:31.994-07:00C Input / Output<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
C programming has several in-built functions to perform input and output tasks.</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
Two commonly used functions for I/O (Input/Output) are <b>printf()</b> and <b>scanf().</b></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;">printf() and scanf() functions are inbuilt functions in C programming environment which are available in C library by default. These functions are declared and related with <b>“stdio.h”</b> which is a header file in C language</span></span><span style="color: #252830; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;">.</span></div>
<h2 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em; text-align: left;">
printf() method in C :</h2>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">printf() function sends formatted output to the standard output(screen). printf()<span style="background-color: transparent;"> is used to show any message or value of any data type.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">We use printf() function with %d format specifier to display the value of an integer variable. </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Similarly %c is used to display character, %f for float variable, %s for string variable, %lf for double and %x for hexadecimal variable.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">To generate a newline,we use “\n” in C printf() statement.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Example 1 :</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">#include <stdio.h></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: #f1c232; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">//This is needed to run printf() function.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">int main()</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">{</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">printf("C Programming"); </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: #f1c232; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">//displays the content inside quotation</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">return 0;</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">} </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Output :</b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;">C Programming</span></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Example 2 :</b></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;">#include<stdio.h></span></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;">int main()</span></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;">{</span></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">int a = 5, b = 7;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">printf("Value of a = %d \n, a);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">printf("Value of b = %d, b);</span></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">return 0;</span></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;">}</span></span><br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Output :</b><br />
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></b>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">Value of a = 5</span></b><br />
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">Value of b =7 </span></b><br />
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></b>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: white;">scanf() method in C :</span></h2>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> scanf() function is used to read character, string, numeric data from keyboard.</span></span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Syntax :</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">scanf ("control string", &variable_name);</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b>Example :</b></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b></b></span><br />
<div style="color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-color: #666666;">#include <stdio.h></span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>
<div style="color: white;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;">int main()</span></div>
<div style="color: white;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;">{</span></div>
<div style="color: white;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"> char ch;</span></div>
<div style="color: white;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"> char str[100];</span></div>
<div style="color: white;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: white;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"> printf("Enter any character :\n");</span></div>
<div style="color: white;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"> scanf("%c", &ch);</span></div>
<div style="color: white;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: white;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"> printf("Entered character is %c \n", ch);</span></div>
<div style="color: white;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: white;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"> printf("Enter any string : \n");</span></div>
<div style="color: white;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"> scanf("%s", &str);</span></div>
<div style="color: white;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: white;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"> printf("Entered string is %s \n", str);</span></div>
<div style="color: white;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;">}</span></div>
<div style="color: white;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;">Output :</span></div>
<div style="color: white;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: white;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Enter any character :</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">k</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Entered character is k</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Enter any string :</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">hello</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Entered string is hello</span></span></div>
<div style="color: white;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></div>
</b></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3820552395819794019.post-85180178403686204022017-07-18T10:24:00.004-07:002017-07-18T10:24:41.696-07:00Case Control Statements<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Case control statements are used to execute only specific block of statements in a series of block.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Types of Case Control Statements :</span></h2>
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">switch</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">break</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">continue</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">switch :</span></h2>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Switch case statements are a substitute for long if statements that compare a variable to several "integral" values </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;">The </span><code style="background: rgb(239, 240, 241); border-radius: 2px; color: #252830; padding: 1px 5px; word-spacing: 3px;">if..else..if</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;"> ladder allows you to execute a block code among many alternatives. If you are checking on the value of a single variable in</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;"> </span><code style="background: rgb(239, 240, 241); border-radius: 2px; color: #252830; padding: 1px 5px; word-spacing: 3px;">if...else...if</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;">, it is better to use </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;">switch</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;"> statement</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;">. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;">The switch statement is often faster than nested</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;"> </span><code style="background: rgb(239, 240, 241); border-radius: 2px; color: #252830; padding: 1px 5px; word-spacing: 3px;">if...else</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;">(not always).</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="color: black; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The value of the variable given into switch is compared to the value following each of the cases, and when one value matches the value of the variable, the computer continues executing the program from that point.</span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="color: black; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Syntax :</b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">switch(expression)</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">{</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> case value-1:</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>block-1;</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> break;</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> case value-2:</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>block-2;</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>break;</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> case value-3:</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>block-3;</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>break;</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> case value-4:</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>block-4;</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>break;</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> default:</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>default-block;</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>break;</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">} </span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: #222426;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It evaluates the value of expression or variable (based on whatever is given inside switch braces), then based on the outcome it executes the corresponding case.</span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em;"><b>switch Statement Flowchart :</b></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Flowchart of switch statement" src="https://cdn.programiz.com/sites/tutorial2program/files/flowchart-switch-statement.jpg" style="border: 0px; margin: 1.2em 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" title="switch Statement Flowchart" /></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="color: black; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Example :</b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">#include <stdio.h></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">int main () {</span></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;"> </span><span style="color: #f1c232;">/* local variable definition */</span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> char grade = 'B';</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;"> switch(grade) {</span></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">case 'A' :</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">printf("Excellent!\n" );</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> break;</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> case 'B' :</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> case 'C' :</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> printf("Well done\n" );</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> break;</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">case 'D' :</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">printf("You passed\n" );</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> break;</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> case 'F' :</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> printf("Better try again\n" );</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> break;</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> default :</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">printf("Invalid grade\n" );</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> }</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">printf("Your grade is %c\n", grade );</span></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">return 0;</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">}</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Output :</span></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;">Well done</span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Your grade is B</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">break Statement :</span></h2>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Break statement is used to terminate the while loops, switch case loops and for loops from the subsequent execution. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-spacing: 3px;">The break statement is used with decision making statement such as</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-spacing: 3px;"> if..else</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-spacing: 3px;">.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-spacing: 3px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; font-size: 16px; word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Syntax :</span></b></span></div>
<div>
<div class="center" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center !important;">
<img alt="break statement in loops in c language" src="http://www.studytonight.com/c/images/break-statement-in-loops.gif" style="border: 0px; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" /></div>
</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0.8em 0px 0.35em; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;"><br /></span>Flowchart of break statement :</span></b></div>
<div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
<img alt="Flowchart of break statement" src="https://cdn.programiz.com/sites/tutorial2program/files/c-break-statement.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: 374px; margin: 1.2em 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; width: 320px;" title="break statement Flowchart" /></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Example :</span></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666; word-spacing: 3px;"><b>#include <stdio.h></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666; word-spacing: 3px;"><b>int main()</b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666; word-spacing: 3px;"><b>{</b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">int i;</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<br /></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">for(i=0;i<10;i++)</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">{</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;"> if(i==5)</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">{</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">printf("\n Coming out of for loop when i = 5");</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">break;</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">}</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">printf("%d ",i);</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">}</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666; word-spacing: 3px;"><b>}</b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b>Output :</b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">0 1 2 3 4</span></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666; word-spacing: 3px;"><b>Coming out of for loop when i = 5</b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1.4em; text-align: left; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="font-size: large;">continue Statement :</span></h2>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Continue statement is used to continue the next iteration of for loop, while loop and do-while loops. So, the remaining statements are skipped within the loop for that particular iteration.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222426;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Continue statement is mostly used inside loops. Whenever it is encountered inside a loop, control directly jumps to the beginning of the loop for next iteration, skipping the execution of statements inside loop’s body for the current iteration.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222426;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222426;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Syntax :</b></span></span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div class="center" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center !important;">
<img alt="continue statement in loops in c language" src="http://www.studytonight.com/c/images/continue-statement-in-loops.gif" style="border: 0px; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" /></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0.8em 0px 0.35em; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Flowchart of continue Statement :</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
<img alt="Flowchart of continue statement" src="https://cdn.programiz.com/sites/tutorial2program/files/c-continue-flowchart.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: 374px; margin: 1.2em 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; width: 320px;" title="continue statement Flowchart" /></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Example :</span></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666; word-spacing: 3px;"><b>#include <stdio.h></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666; word-spacing: 3px;"><b>int main()</b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666; word-spacing: 3px;"><b>{</b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">int i;</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">for(i=0;i<10;i++)</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">{</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">if(i==5 || i==6)</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">{</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;"> printf("\nSkipping %d from display using </span></b></span></span><b style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;">continue statement \n",i);</b></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">"continue statement \n",i);</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">continue;</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;"> }</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">printf("%d ",i);</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;"> }</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666; word-spacing: 3px;"><b>}</b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b>Output:</b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">0 1 2 3 4</span></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666; word-spacing: 3px;"><b>Skipping 5 from display using continue statement</b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666; word-spacing: 3px;"><b>Skipping 6 from display using continue statement</b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666; word-spacing: 3px;"><b>7 8 9</b></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3820552395819794019.post-14120016286679563762017-07-18T09:24:00.000-07:002017-07-18T09:25:04.828-07:00Loop in C<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; word-spacing: 3.5px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Loops are used in programming to repeat a specific block of code. </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , "tahoma" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">You may encounter situations, when a block of code needs to be executed several number of times. In general, statements are executed sequentially: The first statement in a function is executed first, followed by the second, and so on.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , "tahoma" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In any programming language, loops are used to execute a set of statements repeatedly until a particular condition is satisfied.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Flowchart :</b></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<img alt="loopflow diagram in C" src="http://www.studytonight.com/c/images/loop-control.jpg" height="492" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; height: auto; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" title="" width="640" /><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Types of Loop :</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">There are 3 types of loop control statements in C language. They are,</span><br />
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">for</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">while</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">do-while</span></li>
</ol>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">for loop :</span></h2>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;">for</b><span style="background-color: white;"> loop is used to execute a set of statements repeatedly until a particular condition is satisfied. we can say it an </span><b style="background-color: white;">open ended loop.</b></span></div>
<div>
<b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></b></div>
<div>
<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Syntax :</span></b></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"></span><br />
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;">
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">for ( init; condition; increment ) {</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> statement(s);</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">}</span></div>
</span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
<br />
<h3 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0.8em 0px 0.35em;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">for loop Flowchart :</span></h3>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
<img alt="Flowchart of for loop in C programming language" class="figure" src="https://cdn.programiz.com/sites/tutorial2program/files/for-loop.jpg" style="border: 0px; margin: 1.2em 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" title="for loop Flowchart" /></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: #252830; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In </span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">for</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> loop we have exactly two semicolons, one after initialization and second after condition. In this loop we can have more than one initialization or increment/decrement, separated using comma operator. </span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">for</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> loop can have only one </span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">condition</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">.</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: #252830; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;">The initialization statement is executed only once.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;">Then, the test expression is evaluated. If the test expression is false (0), for loop is terminated. But if the test expression is true (nonzero), codes inside the body of</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;"> for</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;">loop is executed and the update expression is updated.</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: #252830; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Example :</span></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666; word-spacing: 3px;"><b>#include <stdio.h></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;">int main() </b></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;">{</b></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">int i;</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; word-spacing: 3px;"><b> </b></span></span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">for(i=0;i<10;i++)</span></b></span><span style="color: white;"><b style="background-color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{</b></span></div>
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<b style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">printf("%d ",i);</span></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">}</span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: white;"> </span><span style="color: white;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<b style="background-color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: white;">}</span></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b>Output :</b></span></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9</span></b><b style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;"> 9 </b></div>
<h2 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em; text-align: left;">
Nested for loop :</h2>
<h2 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">We can also have nested for loops, i.e one for loop inside another for loop. </span></h2>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Syntax :</b></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">for(initialization; condition; increment/decrement)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">{</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>for(initialization; condition; increment/decrement)</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>statement ;</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> }</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">}</span></div>
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<b style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;"><br /></b></div>
<h2 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;">while loop :</span></span></h2>
<div>
<div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>while</b> loop can be addressed as an <b>entry control</b> loop, in which statements are executed only if condition is true. It is completed in 3 steps.</span></div>
<ul class="content" style="background-color: white; margin: 0px 0px 10px 25px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="line-height: 30px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Variable initialization.( e.g int a=0; )</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 30px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">condition( e.g while( a<=10) )</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 30px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Variable increment or decrement ( a++ or a-- or a=a+2 )</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Syntax :</span></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">variable initialization ;</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">while (condition)</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">{</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> statements ;</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> variable increment/decrement ; </span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">}</span></div>
<h3 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0.8em 0px 0.35em;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Flowchart of while loop :</span></h3>
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<img alt="flowchart of while loop in C programming" src="https://cdn.programiz.com/sites/tutorial2program/files/c-while-loop.jpg" style="border: 0px; margin: 1.2em 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" title="while loop flowchart" /></div>
<br />
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The while loop evaluates the test expression. <span style="word-spacing: 3px;">If the test expression is true (nonzero), codes inside the body of while loop are executed. The test expression is evaluated again. The process goes on until the test expression is false. </span><span style="word-spacing: 3px;">When the test expression is false, the while loop is terminated.</span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b>Example :</b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666; word-spacing: 3px;"><b>#include <stdio.h></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">int main()</span></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">{</span></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">int i=3;</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> <span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: #666666;">while(i<10)</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">{</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">printf("%d\n",i);</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">i++;</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">}</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b><span style="background-color: #666666;">}</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b>OUTPUT:</b></span></span></div>
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<b style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="background-color: #666666;">3 4 5 6 7 8 9 </span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></b></div>
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<b style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></b></div>
<h2 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1.4em; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; word-spacing: 3px;">do while loop :</span></span></h2>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Unlike while, do while is an exit controlled loop. Here the set of statements inside braces are executed first. The condition inside while is checked only after finishing the first time execution of statements inside braces. If the condition is TRUE, then statements are executed again. This process continues as long as condition is TRUE. Program control exits the loop once the condition turns FALSE.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Syntax :</b></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333;">do</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="color: #333333;">{</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="color: #333333;"> ....</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="color: #333333;"> .....</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="color: #333333;">}</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="color: #333333;">while(condition)</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><b>Flowchart of do while loop :</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<img alt="do while loop flowchart in C programming" src="https://cdn.programiz.com/sites/tutorial2program/files/c-do-while-loop.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #252830; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 1.2em 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; word-spacing: 3px;" title="do while loop flowchart" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<b>Example :</b></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">#include <stdio.h></span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">int main()</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">{</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">int i=1;</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> <span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: #666666;">do</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">{ </span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">printf("Value of i is %d\n",i);</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">i++;</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">}</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">while(i<=4 && i>=2); </span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"> }</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><b>Output:</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">Value of i is 1</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">Value of i is 2</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">Value of i is 3</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">Value of i is 4</span></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">
Difference between while and do while loop :</h2>
<div style="background-color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<table style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 25px 49.8281px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 398px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 24.75px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 24.75px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">while</span></strong></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 24.75px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">do while</span></strong></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 48px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 48px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Loop is executed only when condition is true.</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 48px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Loop is executed for first time irrespective of the condition. After executing while loop for first time, then condition is checked.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3820552395819794019.post-38760653877193483822017-07-18T05:45:00.000-07:002017-07-18T05:45:37.827-07:00Decision Making in C<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Decision making is about deciding the order of execution of statements based on certain conditions. In decision control statements (if-else and nested if), group of statements are executed when condition is true. If condition is false, then else part statements are executed.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">C programming language assumes any non-zero and non-null values as true, and if it is either zero or null, then it is assumed as false value.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>C language handles decision-making by supporting the following statements :</b></span><br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">if statement</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">switch statement</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">conditional operator statement</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">goto statement</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Decision Making with if statement :</span></h2>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The if statement may be implemented in different forms depending on the complexity of conditions to be tested. The different forms are :</span></div>
<br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
<li>Simple if statement</li>
<li>If..else statement</li>
<li>Nested if statement</li>
<li>if-else-if ladder </li>
</span></ul>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Simple if Statement :</h2>
<div>
An if statement consists of a Boolean expression followed by one or more statements.</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Flowchart :</b></div>
<div>
<img alt="if-statement-in-java" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-141297" src="http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/if-statement-in-java.png" height="440" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 1px 4px; display: block; font-family: "Open Sans", Helvetica, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; height: auto; margin: 12px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;" width="249" /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
<b>Syntax :</b></div>
<div>
if (condition) </div>
<div>
{ </div>
<div>
Statements; </div>
<div>
}</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The expression given inside the brackets after if is evaluated first. If the expression is true, then statements inside the curly braces that follow if(expression) will be executed. If the expression is false, the statements inside curly braces will not be executed and program control goes directly to statements after curly braces.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
<b>Example :</b></div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">#include <stdio.h></span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">int main () {</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: white;"> </span><span style="color: #f1c232;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: #f1c232;">/* local variable definition */</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"> int a = 10;</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: white;"> </span><span style="color: #f1c232;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: #f1c232;">/* check the boolean condition using if statement */</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"> if( a < 20 ) {</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: #f1c232;"> /* if condition is true then print the following */</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"> printf("a is less than 20\n" );</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">}</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">printf("value of a is : %d\n", a);</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">return 0;</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">}</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Output :</b></div>
<div>
<b><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div>
<b><span style="color: white;"></span></b><br />
<div>
<b><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #666666;">a is less than 20 </span></span></b></div>
<b><span style="color: white;">
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;">value of a is : 10 </span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></div>
</span></b></div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
if..else Statement :</h2>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , "tahoma" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">An </span><b style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">if</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , "tahoma" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;"> statement can be followed by an optional </span><b style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">else</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , "tahoma" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;"> statement, which executes when the Boolean expression is false.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , "tahoma" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , "tahoma" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;"><b>Flowchart :</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , "tahoma" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<img alt="if-else-statement" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-141298" src="http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/if-else-statement.png" height="440" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 1px 4px; display: block; font-family: "Open Sans", Helvetica, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; height: auto; margin: 12px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;" width="316" /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Syntax :</b></div>
<div>
if( expression )</div>
<div>
<div>
{</div>
<div>
statement block1;</div>
<div>
}</div>
<div>
else</div>
<div>
{</div>
<div>
statement block2;</div>
<div>
}</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;">If the 'expression' is true, the 'statement-block1' is executed, else 'statement-block1' is skipped and 'statement-block2' is executed.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><b>Example :</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;">#include <stdio.h></span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;">int main( )</span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;">{</span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">int x,y;</span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">x=15;</span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">y=18;</span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">if (x > y ){</span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">printf("x is greater than y");</span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">}</span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">else{</span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">printf("y is greater than x");</span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">}</span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;"> return 0;</span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;">}</span><span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white;">Output :</span></div>
<div style="font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;">y is greater than x</span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;">Nested if Statements :</span></span></h2>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white;">In “nested if” control statement, if condition 1 is false, then condition 2 is checked and statements are executed if it is true. <span style="background-color: transparent;"></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;">
<div style="display: inline !important;">
<div style="display: inline !important;">
If condition 2 also gets failure, then else part is executed.</div>
</div>
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: transparent;"></span></div>
<div style="display: inline !important;">
<div style="display: inline !important;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: transparent;"></span></div>
<div style="display: inline !important;">
<div style="display: inline !important;">
<b>Flowchart :</b></div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: transparent;"></span></div>
<div style="display: inline !important;">
<div style="display: inline !important;">
<b><br /></b></div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<img alt="nested-if" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-141299" src="http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/nested-if.png" height="440" style="border: 0px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 1px 4px; display: block; font-family: "Open Sans", Helvetica, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; height: auto; margin: 12px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;" width="621" /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Syntax :</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b> </b>if( expression )</div>
{<br />
if( expression1 )<br />
{<br />
statement block1;<br />
}<br />
else<br />
{<br />
statement block2;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
else<br />
{<br />
statement block3;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 10px;">
if 'expression' is false the 'statement-block3' will be executed, otherwise it continues to perform the test for 'expression 1' . If the 'expression 1' is true the 'statement-block1' is executed otherwise 'statement-block2' is executed.</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<b>Example :</b></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">
<br /></div>
</span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3820552395819794019.post-41813860755398420132017-07-18T02:17:00.001-07:002017-07-18T02:17:46.274-07:00Operators in C<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical functions. C language supports a rich set of built-in operators.Operators are used in program to manipulate data and variables.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">C language provides the following types of operators -</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Arithmetic Operators</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Increment and Decrement Operators</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Assignment Operators</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Relational Operators</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Logical Operators</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Conditional Operators</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Bitwise Operators</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Special Operators</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Arithmetic Operators :</span></h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">An arithmetic operator performs mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction and multiplication on numerical values (constants and variables).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 74.7344px 25px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 348px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 216px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Arithmetic Operators/Operation</span></strong></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 131px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Example</span></strong></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 216px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">+ (Addition)</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 131px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">A+B</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 216px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">– (Subtraction)</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 131px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">A-B</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 216px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">* (multiplication)</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 131px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">A*B</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 216px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">/ (Division)</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 131px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">A/B</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 216px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">% (Modulus)</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 131px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">A%B</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Increment and Decrement operators :</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">C programming has two operators increment ++ and decrement -- to change the value of an operand (constant or variable) by 1. </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;">Increment ++ increases the value by 1 whereas decrement -- decreases the value by 1. These two operators are unary operators, meaning they only operate on a single operand. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; word-spacing: 3px;"> </span></div>
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<span data-mce-mark="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Operator</span></strong></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span data-mce-mark="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Operator/Description</span></strong></span></div>
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<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Pre increment operator (++i)</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">value of i is incremented before assigning it to the variable i<span data-mce-mark="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Post<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span>increment operator (i++)</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">value of i is incremented after assigning it to the variable i<span data-mce-mark="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Pre decrement operator (–i)</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">value of i is decremented before assigning it to the variable i<span data-mce-mark="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Post decrement operator (i–)</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">value of i is decremented after assigning it to variable i</span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Assignment Operators :</h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; font-size: 16px; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">An assignment operator is used for assigning a value to a variable. The most common assignment operator is =.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; font-size: 16px; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span data-mce-mark="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Operators</span></strong></span></div>
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<span data-mce-mark="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Example/Description</span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">=</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">sum = 10;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />10 is assigned to variable sum</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">+=</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">sum += 10;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">This is same as sum = sum + 10</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">-=</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">sum -= 10;</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">This is same as sum = sum – 10</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">*=</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">sum *= 10;</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">This is same as sum = sum * 10</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">/=</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">sum /= 10;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">This is same as sum = sum / 10</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">%=</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">sum %= 10;</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">This is same as sum = sum % 10</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">&=</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">sum&=10;</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">This is same as sum = sum & 10</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">^=</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">sum ^= 10;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">This is same as sum = sum ^ 10</span></div>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Relational Operators :</h2>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">A relational operator checks the relationship between two operands. If the relation is true, it returns 1; if the relation is false, it returns value 0. <span style="word-spacing: 3px;">Relational operators are used in</span><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"> decision making</span><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"> </span><span style="word-spacing: 3px;">and</span><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"> loops</span><span style="word-spacing: 3px;">.</span></span></div>
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<span data-mce-mark="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Operators</span></strong></span></div>
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<span data-mce-mark="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Example/Description</span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">x > y (x is greater than y)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">x < y (x is less than y)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">>=</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">x >= y (x is greater than or equal to y)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><=</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">x <= y (x is less than or equal to y)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">==</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">x == y (x is equal to y)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">!=</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">x != y (x is not equal to y)</span></div>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Logical Operators :</h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; font-size: 16px; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">An expression containing logical operator returns either 0 or 1 depending upon whether expression results true or false. Logical operators are commonly used in decision making.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252830; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-spacing: 3px;"><br /></span></div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Operators</span></strong></div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Example/Description</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">&& (logical AND)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">(x>5)&&(y<5)<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />It returns true when both conditions are true</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">|| (logical OR)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">(x>=10)||(y>=10)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">It returns true when at-least one of the condition is true</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">! (logical NOT)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">!((x>5)&&(y<5))</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">It reverses the state of the operand “((x>5) && (y<5))”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">If “((x>5) && (y<5))” is true, logical NOT operator makes it false</span></div>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Bitwise Operators :</h2>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Bitwise operators perform manipulations of data at </span><b style="background-color: white;">bit level</b><span style="background-color: white;">. These operators also perform </span><b style="background-color: white;">shifting of bits </b><span style="background-color: white;">from right to left. Bitwise operators are not applied to </span><b style="background-color: white;">float</b><span style="background-color: white;"> or </span><b style="background-color: white;">double</b><span style="background-color: white;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The truth tables for &, |, and ^ is as follows −</span></div>
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<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><th style="background: rgb(238, 238, 238); border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 100px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">p</span></th><th style="background: rgb(238, 238, 238); border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 100px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">q</span></th><th style="background: rgb(238, 238, 238); border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 100px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">p & q</span></th><th style="background: rgb(238, 238, 238); border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 100px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">p | q</span></th><th style="background: rgb(238, 238, 238); border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 100px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">p ^ q</span></th></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">0</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">0</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">0</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">0</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">0</span></td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">0</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">1</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">0</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">1</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">1</span></td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">1</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">1</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">1</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">1</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">0</span></td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">1</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">0</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">0</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">1</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">1</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Below are the Bitwise Operators and their name in C language :</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">& - Bitwise AND</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">| - Bitwise OR</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">^ - Bitwise Exclusive OR</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">>> - Right Shift</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><< - Left Shift</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">~ - Bitwise Complement</span></li>
</ol>
<div>
<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Special Operators :</h2>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Below are some of special operators that the C language offers<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="background-color: #fbfbfb; font-size: 13px;"> :</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444;"><span style="background-color: #fbfbfb; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 25px 49.8281px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 398px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Operators</span></strong></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Description</span></strong></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">&</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">This is used to get the address of the variable.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Example : &a will give address of a.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">*</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">This is used as pointer to a variable.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Example : * a where, * is pointer to the variable a.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Sizeof ()</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">This gives the size of the variable.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Example : size of (char) will give us 1.</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3820552395819794019.post-13391236129742081432017-07-17T07:34:00.001-07:002017-07-17T07:34:25.245-07:00Token and Keywords in C<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Montserrat; font-size: large;"><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">C TOKENS :</span></span></h2>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">C tokens are the basic buildings blocks in C language which are constructed together to write a C program.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Each and every smallest individual units in a C program are known as C tokens.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">C tokens are of six types. They are,</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Keywords (eg: int, for),</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Identifiers (eg: main),</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Constants (eg: 10, 20),</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Special symbols (eg: (), {}),</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Operators (eg: +, /,-,*)</span></li>
</ol>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<br /><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Keywords :</b></span></h2>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Keywords are preserved words that have special meaning in C language. The meaning of the keywords has already been described to the C compiler. These meaning cannot be changed. Thus, the keywords cannot be used as variable names because that would try to change the existing meaning of the keyword, which is not allowed. There are total 32 keywords in C language.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As C is a case sensitive language, all keywords must be written in lowercase. Here is a list of all keywords allowed in ANSI C.</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For example:</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> int money;</span></div>
<div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; color: #252830; font-size: 16px; word-spacing: 3px;">
</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: #252830; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px;">Here, <b>int</b></span><span style="background-color: white;"><b> </b>is a keyword that indicates <b>money</b></span><span style="background-color: white;"> is a <i><b>variable</b></i></span><span style="background-color: white;"> of type integer. </span></span></div>
<table style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 2px 2px; color: #252830; font-size: 16px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 70%; overflow: scroll; table-layout: fixed; word-spacing: 3px;" summary="List of keywords used in C language"><caption><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Keywords in C Language </span></i></caption><caption><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></caption><tbody style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);">
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">auto</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">double</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">int</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">struct</span></td></tr>
<tr style="background: none;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">break</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">else</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">long</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">switch</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">case</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">enum</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">register </span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">typedef</span></td></tr>
<tr style="background: none;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">char</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">extern</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">return</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">union</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">continue</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">for</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">signed</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">void</span></td></tr>
<tr style="background: none;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">const</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">float</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">static </span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">while</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">default</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">goto</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">sizeof</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">volatile</span></td></tr>
<tr style="background: none;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">do</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">if</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">short</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">unsigned</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span><div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Along with these keywords, C supports other numerous keywords depending upon the compiler.</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; margin-bottom: 1.4em; text-align: left; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Identifier :</span></h2>
<h2 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; margin-bottom: 1.4em; text-align: left; word-spacing: 3px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">In C language identifiers are the names given to variables, constants, functions and user-define data. These identifier are defined against a set of rules.</span></h2>
<div>
<div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Rules :</b></span></div>
<ol class="content" style="background-color: white; margin: 0px 0px 10px 25px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="line-height: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">An Identifier can only have alphanumeric characters( a-z , A-Z , 0-9 ) and underscore( _ ).</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The first character of an identifier can only contain alphabet( a-z , A-Z ) or underscore ( _ ).</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Identifiers are also case sensitive in C. For example <i>name</i> and <i>Name</i> are two different identifier in C.</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Keywords are not allowed to be used as Identifiers.</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 30px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">No special characters, such as semicolon, period, whitespaces, slash or comma are permitted to be used in or as Identifier.</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; color: #252830; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; word-spacing: 3px;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3820552395819794019.post-47107050665320438572017-07-17T06:59:00.000-07:002017-07-19T02:10:46.973-07:00Constants & Literals in C<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;">Constants are like normal variable, whose value cannot be altered in a program. Constants can be of any of the basic data types like an integer constant, a floating constant, a character constant, or a string literal. There are enumeration constants as well. Constants refer to fixed values. They are also called Literals.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b>Syntax :</b> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>const data_type variable_name;</span></span><br />
<span style="white-space: pre; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;">As mentioned, an identifier also can be defined as a constant.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>const double PI = 3.14</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;">Here, PI is a constant. Basically what it means is that, PI and 3.14 is same for this program.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;">Types of C Constants : </span></span></h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Integer Constants</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Floating-Point Constants</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Character Constants</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Escape Sequences</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">String Constants</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Enumeration Constants</span></span></li>
</ul>
</h4>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i>Integer Constants :</i></span></h2>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">An integer constant must have at least one digit.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It must not have a decimal point.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It can either be positive or negative.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">There are<b> three types of integer constants</b> in C programming:</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">decimal constant(base 10)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">octal constant(base 8)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">hexadecimal constant(base 16)</span></span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b>For example:</b></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><b>Decimal constants</b>: 0, -9, 22 etc</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><b>Octal constants</b>: 021, 077, 033 etc</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><b>Hexadecimal constants</b>: 0x7f, 0x2a, 0x521 etc</span></span><br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="white-space: pre; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><i>Floating-Point Constants :</i></span></span></h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">A floating-point Constants has an integer part, a decimal point, a fractional part, and an exponent part. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Floating-point Constants are represented either in decimal form or exponential form.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It could be either positive or negative.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="white-space: pre; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b>For example:</b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-2.0</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>0.0000234<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-0.22E-5</span></span><br />
<span style="white-space: pre; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span></span><br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><i>Character Constants :</i></span></span></h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">A character constant is a single alphabet, a single digit or a single special symbol enclosed within single quotes.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The maximum length of a character constant is 1 character.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b>For example:</b> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>'a', 'l', 'm', 'F'</span></span><br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><i>Escape Sequences :</i></span></span></h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">There are some characters which have special meaning in C language.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">They should be preceded by backslash symbol to make use of special function of them.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;">Given below is the list of special characters and their purpose.</span><span style="color: #252830; white-space: pre; word-spacing: 3px;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="white-space: pre; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="white-space: pre; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Escape Sequences</span></b><br />
<table style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 2px 2px; color: #252830; max-width: 100%; min-width: 70%; overflow: scroll; table-layout: fixed; word-spacing: 3px;" summary="List of escape sequences used in C programming language"><caption><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></caption><thead>
<tr><th scope="col" style="background-color: #eaeaec; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); font-weight: normal; padding: 15px 8px 14px 10px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Escape Sequences</span></th><th scope="col" style="background-color: #eaeaec; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); font-weight: normal; padding: 15px 8px 14px 10px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Character</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);">
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">\b</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Backspace</span></td></tr>
<tr style="background: none;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">\f</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Form feed</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">\n</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Newline</span></td></tr>
<tr style="background: none;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">\r</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Return</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">\t</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Horizontal tab</span></td></tr>
<tr style="background: none;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">\v</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Vertical tab</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">\\</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Backslash</span></td></tr>
<tr style="background: none;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">\'</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Single quotation mark</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">\"</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Double quotation mark</span></td></tr>
<tr style="background: none;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">\?</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Question mark</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">\0</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 236); padding: 10px 8px 9px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Null character</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><i>String Constants :</i></span></span></h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">String literals or constants are enclosed in double quotes "". </span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">A string contains characters that are similar to character literals: plain characters, escape sequences, and universal characters.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><b>For example:</b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: #252830;"> "good" </span><span style="color: #f1c232;">//string constant</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: #252830;"> "" </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #f1c232;">//null string constant</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: #252830;"> " " </span><span style="color: #f1c232;">//string constant of six white space</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: #252830;"> "x" </span><span style="color: #f1c232;">//string constant having single character.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: #252830;"> "Earth is round\n" </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #f1c232;">//prints string with newline</span></span></span></span><br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><i>Enumeration Constants :</i></span></span></h2>
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="color: #252830; word-spacing: 3px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Keyword enum is used to define enumeration types. </span></span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">For example:</span></b></div>
<br />
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"> enum color {yellow, green, black, white};</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #252830; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="word-spacing: 3px;">Here, <b>color</b> is a variable and yellow, green, black and white are the enumeration constants having value 0, 1, 2 and 3 respectively. </span></span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3820552395819794019.post-57250264082820376962017-07-16T08:10:00.001-07:002017-07-16T08:24:03.406-07:00Variables in C<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">C variable is a named location in a memory where a program can manipulate the data. This location is used to hold the value of the variable. <span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Instead of remembering the complex address where we have stored our information, we name that address. The naming of an address is known as variable.</span><span style="background-color: white;">Each variable in C has a specific type, which determines the size and layout of the variable's memory, the range of values that can be stored within that memory and the set of operations that can be applied to the variable.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;">Rules for naming C variable :</span></span></h3>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li style="line-height: 30px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Variable name must begin with letter or underscore.</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 30px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Variable name must not start with a digit.</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 30px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Variable name can consist of alphabets, digits and special symbols like underscore .</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 30px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Blank or spaces are not allowed in variable name.</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 30px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Keywords are not allowed as variable name.</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 30px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">No special symbols are allowed other than underscore.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">sum, length, _value are some examples for variable name.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Based on the basic types explained in the previous chapter, there will be the following basic variable types -</b></span></div>
<table class="table table-bordered" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; width: 500.8px;"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><th style="background: rgb(238, 238, 238); border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 100px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Type</span></th><th style="background: rgb(238, 238, 238); border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Description</span></th></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">char</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Typically a single octet(one byte). This is an integer type.</span></td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">int</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The most natural size of integer for the machine.</span></td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">float</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">A single-precision floating point value.</span></td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">double</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">A double-precision floating point value.</span></td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">void</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Represents the absence of type.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br />Declaration and Definition of a Variable :</span></h3>
<div>
<div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Declaration of variables must be done before they are used in the program. Declaration does two things.</span></div>
<ol class="content" style="background-color: white; margin: 0px 0px 10px 25px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="line-height: 30px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It tells the compiler what the variable name is.</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 30px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It specifies what type of data the variable will hold.</span></li>
</ol>
<div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Definition of variable means to assign a value to a variable. Definition specify what code or data the variable describes. A variable must be declared before it can be defined.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">There are three types of variables in C program, they are :</span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 10px;">
</div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Local Variable</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Global variable</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Environment Variable</span></li>
</ol>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Local Variable :</span></h4>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The scope of local variables will be within the function only.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">These variables are declared within the function and can't accessed outside the function.</span></li>
</ul>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Global Variables :</span></h4>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The scope of global variables will be throughout the program. These variables can be accessed from anywhere in the program.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">This variable is defined outside the main function. So that, this variable is visible to main function and all other sub functions.</span></li>
</ul>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Environment Variables :</span></h4>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Environment variable is a variable that will be available for all C applications and C programs.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">We can access these variables from anywhere in a C program without declaring and initializing in an application or C program.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The inbuilt functions which are used to access, modify and set these environment variables are called environment functions.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Example :</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">#include <stdio.h></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: #f1c232;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: #f1c232;">/* global variable declaration */</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">int g;</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">int main () </span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">{</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: #f1c232;">/* local variable declaration */</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">int a, b;</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: #f1c232;">/* actual initialization */</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">a = 10;</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">b = 20;</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">g = a + b;</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">printf ("value of a = %d, b = %d and g = %d\n", a, b, g);</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: white;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">return 0;</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">}</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<h4 style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">
<b>Output:</b></h4>
<div>
<b><span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;">value of a = 10, b = 20 and g = 30</span></b></div>
<div>
<b style="background-color: #444444;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></b></div>
</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3820552395819794019.post-74242718557752617602017-07-16T02:27:00.000-07:002017-07-17T07:08:09.998-07:00Data Types<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Data types specify how we enter data into our programs and what type of data we enter. C language has some predefined set of data types to handle various kinds of data that we use in our program. Size of variables, constants and array are determined by data types.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">C language supports 4 different type of data types : </span></span></span><br />
<h4>
</h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
</h4>
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Basic Data Types</span><span style="font-size: 14px;"> :<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">These are fundamental data types in C namely :</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Integer types, Floating-Point types</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
</h3>
<h3>
</h3>
<h2>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Void Data Type : void</span></li>
</ul>
</h2>
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Derived Data Types</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;"> :</span><span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"> They include (a) Pointer types, (b) Array types, (c) Structure types, (d) Union types and (e) Function types</span></span></li>
</ul>
</h3>
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Enumeration Data Type<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"> : </span><span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">enum</span></span></li>
</ul>
</h3>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
</h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
</h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
</h4>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
</h2>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
</h3>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
</h4>
<h4>
<div>
<table style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 498px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 24.4063px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 24.4063px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Types</span></strong></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 24.4063px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Data Types</span></strong></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 24px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 24px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Basic data types</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 24px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Integer types, Floating types</span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 24px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 24px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Void data type</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 24px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">void</span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 24px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 24px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Derived data type</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 24px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">pointer, array, structure, union</span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 24px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 24px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Enumeration data type</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 24px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">enum</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div>
<table style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 498px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>
Integer Types : </i></span></h2>
</div>
</h4>
<h4>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Integer type consists int and char data type. Storage size and Range are given below of these data types - </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Integer (int) : <span style="font-weight: normal;">Integer are used to store whole numbers.The storage size of int data type is 2 or 4 or 8 bytes. It varies upon the processor in the CPU that we use. If we are using 16 bit processor, 2 bytes of memory will be allocated for int data type.</span></span></li>
</ul>
</h3>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<table class="table table-bordered table-striped" style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-width: 0px; border-radius: 4px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-spacing: 0px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: black; margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; width: 679px;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Type</span></th><th style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Size(bytes)</span></th><th style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Range</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">int or signed int</span></td><td style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">2</span></td><td style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">-32,768 to 32767</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">unsigned int</span></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">2</span></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">0 to 65535</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">short int or signed short int</span></td><td style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">1</span></td><td style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">-128 to 127</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">unsigned short int</span></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">1</span></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">0 to 255</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">long int or signed long int</span></td><td style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">4</span></td><td style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">unsigned long int</span></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">4</span></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">0 to 4,294,967,295</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
</h4>
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Character (char) : <span style="font-weight: normal;">Character types are used to store characters value. It allows a variable to store only one character. </span></span></li>
</ul>
</h3>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br />
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></div>
<table class="table table-bordered table-striped" style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-width: 0px; border-radius: 4px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-spacing: 0px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: black; margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; width: 679px;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Type</span></th><th style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Size(bytes)</span></th><th style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Range</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">char or signed char</span></td><td style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">1</span></td><td style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">-128 to 127</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">unsigned char</span></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">1</span></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">0 to 255</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
Floating Types :</span></h2>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Floating type consists float and double data type. Storage size and Range are given below of these data types -</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<h4>
</h4>
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Float (float) : <span style="font-weight: normal;">float data type allows a variable to store decimal values.</span></span></li>
</ul>
</h3>
<h4>
</h4>
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Double (double)<span style="font-weight: normal;"> : double data type is same as float which allows up-to 10 digits after decimal. </span></span></li>
</ul>
</h3>
</div>
<div>
<table class="table table-bordered table-striped" style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-width: 0px; border-radius: 4px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-spacing: 0px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: black; margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; width: 679px;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Type</span></th><th style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Size(bytes)</span></th><th style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Range</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Float</span></td><td style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">4</span></td><td style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">3.4E-38 to 3.4E+38</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">double</span></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">8</span></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">long double</span></td><td style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">10</span></td><td style="border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); line-height: 20px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">3.4E-4932 to 1.1E+4932</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
Void Data Type : </span></h2>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">void type means no value. This is usually used to specify the type of functions.</span></div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Function returns as void</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Function arguments as void</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pointers to void</span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
Enumeration :</span></h2>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Enumeration data type consists of named integer constant as a list. It start with 0 by default and value is incremented by 1 for sequential identifier in the list.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Syntax :</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">enum identifier [optional {enumerator-list}];</span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3820552395819794019.post-68138532085571020892017-07-16T00:31:00.001-07:002017-07-19T02:11:16.928-07:00Basic Structure of a C program<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">
All C programs are having sections/parts which are mentioned below :</span></h3>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Documentation Section</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Link Section</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Definition Section</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Global Declaration Section</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Function Prototype Declaration Section</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Main Function</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">User Defined Function Definition Section</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Basic Structure Program :</span></h3>
</div>
<div>
<i><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">/*</span></b></i></div>
<div>
<i><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> Documentation Section</span></b></i></div>
<div>
<i><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">*/</span></b></i></div>
<div>
<i><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></i></div>
<div>
<i><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;">#include<stdio.h> </span><span style="color: #fff2cc;"> </span><span style="color: #f1c232;">//Link Section</span></span></b></i></div>
<div>
<i><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;">int total = 0; </span><span style="color: #ffd966;"> //Global Declaration</span></span></b></i></div>
<div>
<i><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;">int sum(int, int); </span><span style="color: #ffd966;">//Function Declaration</span></span></b></i></div>
<div>
<i><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;">int main() </span><span style="color: #ffd966;"> //Main Function</span></span></b></i></div>
<div>
<i><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">{</span></b></i></div>
<div>
<i><b><span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;"> printf("Basic Program \n");</span></span></b></i></div>
<div>
<i><b><span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;">total = sum(1,5);</span></span></b></i></div>
<div>
<i><b><span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;"> printf("Sum = %d \n", total);</span></span></b></i></div>
<div>
<i><b><span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;"> return 0;</span></span></b></i></div>
<div>
<i><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">}</span></b></i></div>
<div>
<i><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;">int sum(int a, int b) </span><span style="color: #ffd966;"> //User Defined Function</span></span></b></i></div>
<div>
<i><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">{</span></b></i></div>
<div>
<i><b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666;"> return a + b; </span></span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: #ffd966;">//Function Definition section</span></span></b></i></div>
<div>
<i><b style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">}</span></b></i></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Output:</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Basic Program</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Sum = 6</span></span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3820552395819794019.post-9832781987816453832017-07-16T00:31:00.000-07:002017-07-16T08:19:56.763-07:00First Program in C language<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><b>A C program basically consists of following parts :</b></span></h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Preprocessor Commands</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Comments</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Variables</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Statements & Expressions</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Functions</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Steps to write and execute a c program :<span style="font-size: x-small;"> <span style="font-weight: normal;">If you want to create, compile and execute C programs by your own, you have to install C compiler in your machine. Then, you can start to execute your own C programs in your machine.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Create</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Compile</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Execute or Run</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Get the Output</span></span></li>
</ul>
</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Lets see how to write a simple program in c language :</span></h3>
<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: #999999;"><br /></b>
<b><i style="background-color: #666666;">#include<stdio.h></i></b></span><br />
<b style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"><i><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">int main()</span></i></b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><i style="background-color: #666666;">{ </i></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #666666; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><i style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #666666; color: #f1c232;"> </span></i><span style="background-color: #666666; color: #f1c232;">/* our first simple c basic program */</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><i style="background-color: white;"> </i><i style="background-color: #666666;"> printf("Hello World"); </i></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><i style="background-color: white;"> </i><i style="background-color: #666666;"> getch();</i></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><i style="background-color: white;"> </i><i style="background-color: #666666;"> return 0;</i></b></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #666666; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><i> }</i></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><i>Output :</i></b></span></span><br />
<div>
<span style="background-color: #444444;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Hello World </span><br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Lets take a look at various parts of the above program : </span></h4>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The first line o the program <i style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">#include <stdio.h></i><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="text-align: justify;">is a preprocessor command, which tells a C compiler to include stdio.h file before going to actual compilation.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The next line<span style="text-align: justify;"> </span><i style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">int main()</i><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="text-align: justify;">is the main function where the program execution begins.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The next line /*...*/ will be ignored by the compiler and it has been put to add additional comments in the program. So such lines are called comments in the program.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The next line<span style="text-align: justify;"> </span><i style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">printf(...)</i><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="text-align: justify;">is another function available in C which causes the message "Hello World" to be displayed on the screen.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The next line<i><span style="text-align: justify;"> return 0;</span></i><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="text-align: justify;">terminates the main() function and returns the value 0.</span></span></li>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3820552395819794019.post-19618407506543778172017-07-16T00:30:00.000-07:002017-07-16T08:14:31.077-07:00What is C language?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">C is a general purpose, high level and structured programming language which intended for writing system software. It was invented for implementing UNIX operating system. C was originally developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories in 1972. C programming language features were derived from an earlier language called "B" (Basic Combined Programming Language). It is one of the most popular computer language because of its structure, high level abstraction and machine independent feature.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Features of C language :</span></h3>
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<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Mid-level programming language</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Structured programming language</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Highly portable or Machine independent </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Robust with rich set of built-in functions</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Memory Management</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fast and Efficient</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Rich Library</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Extensible</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Reliability </span></li>
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Key Points :</span></h3>
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<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">C is a Structured Programming Language. In this type of language, large programs are divided into small programs called Function. Program structure follows "Top Down Approach".</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">C language is belonging to Middle Level Language.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It has been written in Assembly language.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Windows, UNIX, LINUX operating systems are written in c language.</span></li>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com